Journal of Advances in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
Research Article
Drug Delivery and Artificial Intelligence for Bifurcation-Aware Modeling and Optimal Control of Hemodynamic Transport Systems
Authors: Lakshmi N Sridhar
Abstract
This study develops a reduced-order, physics-informed framework for analyzing and optimizing drug delivery
in a vascular environment by coupling hemodynamic flow dynamics with pharmacokinetic transport. The blood
flow field is represented using a Hopf-type nonlinear oscillator derived from reduced Navier–Stokes dynamics,
capturing the emergence of oscillatory flow states that significantly influence mixing and transport. This fluid
subsystem is directly coupled to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model that describes drug concentration
evolution in plasma and surrounding tissue. The resulting system accounts for convection-enhanced dispersion,
inter-compartmental mass transfer, and systemic clearance, thereby providing a more realistic representation
of in vivo drug transport than classical compartmental approaches.
Bifurcation analysis reveals a Hopf bifurcation that governs the transition between steady and oscillatory flow
regimes, which in turn modulates drug dispersion and tissue uptake efficiency. The interaction between flow
instability and drug transport is shown to play a critical role in determining concentration profiles in both
plasma and tissue compartments. Furthermore, the framework enables the study of how flow-induced mixing
can enhance or impair therapeutic delivery depending on system parameters.
An optimal control formulation is developed to regulate drug concentration and flow activity, with and without
bifurcation-aware constraints. The results demonstrate that incorporating stability constraints improves
performance and controls drug distribution, reducing undesirable concentration fluctuations while maintaining
effective tissue delivery. The proposed approach provides a unified computational framework integrating
nonlinear dynamics, transport physics, and control theory, offering new insights into the role of hemodynamic
instabilities in drug delivery systems and enabling improved therapeutic design strategies.
Citation: Lakshmi N Sridhar. Drug Delivery and Artificial Intelligence for Bifurcation-Aware Modeling and Optimal Control of Hemodynamic Transport Systems. Journal of Advances in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine. 2026; Volume 1 (Issue 1).