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Peer-Reviewed Journal
Open Access (CC BY 4.0)
Bio Medical Sciences
Global Journal of Clinical Trials
DOI: 10.68438
Continuous / Open Access
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Research Article
Open Access
Year: 2026
Determination Of Lung Volumes Using Spiral CT During Glossopharyngeal Insufflation
Olaf Schedler*, Olaf Rusoke-Dierich, O. Kollow, G. Nesterov, C. Ottomann
Abstract:
Glossopharyngeal insufflation (GI, ‘lung packing’) enables experienced freedivers to voluntarily increase theintrapulmonary gas volume beyond the normal total lung capacity (TLC). The precise, individual quantification ofthis additional volume is important for training management, risk assessment and the diagnosis of GI-associatedcomplications. Spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) with three-dimensional volumetric segmentationrepresents a validated, non-invasive method for this purpose; it is already established in diagnostics and can bemethodologically adapted to determine the GI-induced additional volume. This study presents the physiologicalprinciples of GI, the current state of the art in spiral CT-based lung volumetry, and a detailed investigation of30 freedivers, with the aim of quantifying GI-induced volume changes using CT volumetry, correlating thesewith spirometric reference values, and enabling conclusions to be drawn regarding the benefits for competitivefreediving.
Keywords:
Glossopharyngeal Insufflation
Lung Packing
Freediving
Spiral Ct
Helical Ct
Lung Volumetry
Total Lung Capacity
Research Article
Open Access
Year: 2026
Evaluation Of Different Pulmonary Function Diagnostic Methods For Predicting The Maximum Depth Of Apnoeic Diving
Olaf Schedler, Rusolke-Dietrich, O, Kollow, G, Ottomann, C
Abstract:
Background: The maximum depth achievable in freediving is limited by a combination of pulmonary,cardiovascular and technical factors. As the lungs, being a compressible reservoir of respiratory volume, aredirectly subject to the increase in hydrostatic pressure, pulmonary function testing is considered to play a centralrole in assessing an individual’s depth capacity and the risk of injury (‘lung squeeze’).
Objective: This review compares common pulmonary function tests in terms of their predictive value formaximum freediving depth and compares the results with those from freedivers and SCUBA divers. The aim wasto analyse functional, structural and exercise-physiological differences between 30 AIDA competitive freediversand 30 experienced SCUBA divers.
Methodology: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, Frontiers, Springer Link and other databases on thephysiological determinants of apnoe diving depth. In a cross-sectional analysis, various medical measurementmethods, including spirometry, body plethysmography and DLCO (diffusion capacity) measurement, wereemployed and compared with the average diving depth achieved.
Results: The ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC) has a theoretical, mathematicalrelationship with the depth limit, whilst spirometry parameters were also found to be useful, offering a higherprobability of prediction. Freedivers exhibited significantly higher total lung capacities (TLC) and functionalresidual capacities (FRC) than SCUBA divers. DLCO was significantly elevated in freedivers, suggesting anincreased alveolar-capillary exchange surface area.
Diffusion capacity measurement provided the highest predictive value for the average dive depth achievedby 30 AIDA freedivers.
Conclusion: As a single test, diffusion capacity measurement allows for a reliable individual prediction ofmaximum apnoe diving depth.
Keywords:
Freediving
Lung Function
Residual Volume
Body Plethysmography
Glossopharyngeal Insufflation
Lung Squeeze
Diving Depth
Research Article
Open Access
Year: 2026
Recombinant Human IL-22 Delivered in Polydopamine Nanoparticle for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Schizophrenia
Adonis Sfera, MD*, Nyla Jafri, Melissa Mora, Jacob J Anton, Grace Ikhimiukor
Abstract:
Background: Emil Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox, the disorder we now call schizophrenia, was the result of brain poisoning with toxins generated in other parts of the body, especially the mouth, intestine, or genitals (1). In this regard, Kraepelin hinted at the microbiome and believed that microbial molecules could drive the pathogenesis of severe psychiatric illness. However, the infectious model of schizophrenia drew limited attention until the launching of Human Microbiome Project and the discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs).
Keywords:
Interleukin-22 (IL-22)
Polydopamine Nanoparticles
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Schizophrenia
Gut–Brain Axis
Microbial Translocation
Intestinal Barrier Function
Autophagy